British Expansion: The whole chapter

The war began in 1814 with a four-column British advance. Gillespie was killed on the first day of the siege of Nalapani near Dehradun, and other columns were checked. David Ochterlony, commanding in the western hills, advanced slowly, cut off supplies and brought up heavy guns until Amar Singh Thapa surrendered at Malaun in 1815. When Kathmandu delayed ratifying the peace, Ochterlony led a new campaign in February 1816 by a little-used pass towards Makwanpur, and Nepal then accepted the Treaty of Sugauli. He also saw the value of Nepalese soldiers, and the Nasiri battalion was raised in 1815, the beginning of Gurkha recruitment.

The Treaty of Sugauli (initialled December 1815, signed 4 March 1816) ended the Anglo-Nepal War fought under Lord Hastings. The Treaty of Yandabo (24 February 1826) ended the First Anglo-Burmese War under Lord Amherst; the second war (1852) ended without any treaty, as Dalhousie annexed Pegu by proclamation (1853). The Treaty of Lahore (9 March 1846), signed for the boy Maharaja Duleep Singh, ended the First Anglo-Sikh War after Sobraon and imposed a heavy war indemnity. So pairs 1 and 3 are correct.

Auckland decided to replace the Amir Dost Mohammad, whom he suspected of leaning towards Russia, with the exiled Shah Shuja. The Tripartite Treaty (1838) among the Company, Ranjit Singh and Shah Shuja set the stage for the First Anglo-Afghan War (1839-42), which ended in disaster and Dost Mohammad's return.

Duleep Singh, Ranjit Singh's youngest son, had been placed on the throne as a child and reigned under regents and then a British Resident after 1846. When Dalhousie annexed the Punjab on 29 March 1849, the ten-year-old was deposed, given a pension and stripped of state property, including the Koh-i-Noor diamond. He was sent from Lahore to Fatehgarh in the care of Dr John Login, became a Christian and went to England in 1854, where he lived for most of his life.

Lord Hardinge I (1844-48) fought the First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46). By the Treaty of Lahore the Sikhs ceded the Jalandhar Doab, and by the Treaty of Amritsar (1846) Kashmir was transferred to Gulab Singh for 75 lakh rupees, creating the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir.

The Queen's Proclamation promised to respect the rights and dignity of the princes. To make this concrete, Canning issued sanads of adoption (1860-62) to the major rulers, recognising their right to adopt an heir. The princes became pillars of the empire, but annexed states such as Jhansi or Nagpur were not restored, and the Chamber of Princes came only in 1921.

Dalhousie annexed Punjab (1849) by conquest and Lower Burma (1852) after the Second Anglo-Burmese War. Nagpur (1854) was taken under the Doctrine of Lapse after Raghuji III died without a natural heir. Berar was not a lapse case: in 1853 the Nizam was made to assign it to the Company to meet the arrears due for the Hyderabad Contingent. So three pairs are correct.

The Gorkha state had expanded west to Garhwal and Kumaon and pressed into the Terai, which brought it into conflict with the Company. After early reverses, Ochterlony's campaigns forced Nepal to terms. By the Treaty of Sugauli, signed on 4 March 1816, Nepal ceded the hill territories west of the Kali, which became its western boundary, and agreed to a permanent British Resident in Kathmandu. It also had to give up the Terai; part of these lowlands was later returned as a concession, but the treaty did not leave Nepal the whole Terai.