Tribal Revolts: The whole chapter

All four pairs are correct. Punnapra-Vayalar (October 1946) was a rising of coir workers and agricultural labourers near Alleppey in Travancore. The Warli adivasis of Thane district (Bombay Presidency) rose in 1945 under the Kisan Sabha against forced labour and exploitation by landlords and forest contractors. The Bakasht struggle in Bihar (from 1937) resisted zamindars who seized tenants' land as bakasht (self-cultivated) land. The Telangana movement (1946-51) was fought in the Nizam's Hyderabad State against jagirdars and deshmukhs.

Hul means 'rebellion' in Santali. On 30 June 1855 thousands of Santhals gathered at Bhognadih under Sidhu and Kanhu and declared the rising against the Company, the zamindars and the moneylenders. The day is marked every year as Hul Diwas, especially in Jharkhand. The Munda rising of 1899-1900 is called the Ulgulan, not the hul.

Three statements are correct. In 1859 the ryots of Nadia, led at Govindapur by Digambar and Bishnu Biswas, refused to take advances and sow indigo, and the refusal spread across Bengal. The Bengali intelligentsia backed them through newspapers such as Harish Chandra Mukherji's Hindoo Patriot and through Nil Darpan (1860). The government set up the Indigo Commission in 1860. Statement 4 is the reverse of the truth: in November 1860 the government notified that ryots could not be compelled to sow indigo and that disputes would be settled by legal means. By the end of 1860 indigo cultivation had in effect been wiped out of Bengal.

Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Haji Shariatullah of Faridpur began the Faraizi movement in the early 19th century, insisting on the faraiz (obligatory duties) of Islam. His son Dudu Miyan turned it into a peasant organisation: he declared that land belonged to God, opposed the illegal cesses (abwabs) of zamindars and the pressure of indigo planters, and set up his own village courts and agents. Statement 3 is wrong: the Faraizis were an independent east Bengal movement. The Wahabi movement of Syed Ahmad of Rae Bareli had its centre at Patna and fought the Sikh kingdom in the north-west.

All three statements are correct. The Tana Bhagat movement was started in 1914 by Jatra Bhagat (Jatra Oraon) among the Oraons. It combined religious reform (one god, no animal sacrifice, no liquor or meat, no belief in spirits) with agrarian protest: followers were told not to pay rent or render begar. From the 1920s the Tana Bhagats were drawn into the Gandhian movement; they joined the Non-Cooperation and later satyagrahas and adopted khadi and the Gandhi cap.

The Kol uprising (1831-32) spread over Chotanagpur: Ranchi, Singhbhum, Hazaribagh, Palamau and Manbhum. 'Kol' was the colonial name for the Munda, Ho and Oraon peoples of the plateau. The rising was provoked by the transfer of land from tribal headmen to outsiders, including farmers and moneylenders brought in by local rulers, and by new revenue and judicial demands. Buddho Bhagat was among its leaders. The Rajmahal hills and the Damin-i-Koh were the scene of the Santhal hul of 1855.

Statements 1, 2 and 3 are correct. Haipou Jadonang started the Heraka movement, a revival of the Zeliangrong Naga faith that also sought freedom from British rule and from missionary pressure. He was hanged at Imphal in August 1931. His cousin Gaidinliu, then a teenager, carried on the struggle, refused taxes and fought the Assam Rifles until she was captured in October 1932 and sentenced to life imprisonment. Statement 4 is wrong: it was Jawaharlal Nehru who met her in Shillong jail in 1937 and called her 'Rani' of her people.

Statements 1 and 2 are correct. The rising spread through the Godavari agency hill tracts (then in the Madras Presidency). The hill people resented the forest regulations that curbed podu cultivation, grazing and the use of forest produce, as well as forced labour for road building. Statement 3 is wrong: Raju spoke admiringly of Gandhi and the Non-Cooperation Movement, but he believed that armed action was necessary; his men raided police stations for guns and fought a guerrilla war until Raju was killed in May 1924.