UPSC Prelims 2018 · CSAT (Paper II): Directions for the following 2 (two) items : The following table gives the GDP…
Directions for the following 2 (two) items : The following table gives the GDP growth rate and Tele-density data of different States of a country in a particular year. Study the table and answer the two items that follow.
With reference to the above table, which of the following is/are the most logical and rational inference/inferences that can be made?
- 1. Higher per capita income is generally associated with higher Tele-density.
- 2. Higher GDP growth rate always ensures higher per capita income.
- 3. Higher GDP growth rate does not necessarily ensure higher Tele-density.
| States | Per capita income ($) | GDP growth rate (%) | Tele-density |
|---|---|---|---|
| State 1 | 704 | 9·52 | 70·27 |
| State 2 | 419 | 5·31 | 35·88 |
| State 3 | 254 | 10·83 | 50·07 |
| State 4 | 545 | 9·78 | 5·94 |
| State 5 | 891 | 10·8 | 76·12 |
| State 6 | 1077 | 11·69 | 77·5 |
| State 7 | 900 | 8·88 | 104·86 |
| State 8 | 395 | 5·92 | 6 |
| State 9 | 720 | 7·76 | 82·25 |
| State 10 | 893 | 9·55 | 96·7 |
| State 11 | 363 | 4·7 | 57·7 |
| State 12 | 966 | 7·85 | 63·8 |
| State 13 | 495 | 9·37 | 52·3 |
| State 14 | 864 | 5·46 | 97·9 |
| State 15 | 497 | 7·48 | 62·3 |
| State 16 | 777 | 7·03 | 93·8 |
| State 17 | 335 | 5·8 | 49·9 |
| State 18 | 599 | 7·49 | 47·84 |
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
Answer (c) & explanation
Inferences 1 and 3 are right (c). Step 1: richer states (like 7, 10, 14 and 16) mostly have high tele-density, and poorer ones (like 2 and 8) mostly have low. The word "generally" allows a few exceptions, so 1 holds. Step 2: statement 2 says high growth always means high income. But state 3 grows at 10·83% yet has the lowest income (254). So 2 fails. Step 3: state 4 grows at 9·78% but has a tele-density of only 5·94. So high growth does not always mean high tele-density. 3 holds. Options (a), (b) and (d) fail.
Tip: "generally" survives a few exceptions; "always" dies with one. Hunt for a single counter-example to test "always".
Words like 'always' fail with one counter-example; 'generally' only needs the overall pattern.
Answer as per the official UPSC answer key.
Related questions from other years
Question : X receives three coins of different denominations : 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20. If the total amount received by X is m, does X receive a coin of denomination 5?
Statement I : m is not a prime number.
Statement II : The sum of the digits of m is greater than 5.
Answer (a) & explanation
Statement II alone is enough; Statement I alone is not (a). Step 1: three different coins from 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 give ten totals. With a 5: 8, 16, 17, 26, 27, 35. Without a 5: 13, 23, 31, 32. Step 2: Statement I (m not prime): 8, 16, 26, 27, 35 have a 5, but 32 (2 + 10 + 20) does not. Mixed answers, so I fails. Step 3: Statement II (digit sum above 5): 8, 16, 17, 26, 27, 35 qualify, and every one has a 5. (13, 23, 31, 32 have digit sums 4, 5, 4, 5.) So II answers "yes". Options (b), (c) and (d) fail.
Tip: when cases are few, list them all. Then check each statement against the full list.
don't assume both statements are needed. Listing all ten cases takes thirty seconds and settles it.
Answer as per the official UPSC answer key.
Read the passage
How is deflation done? Most countries use a method called ‘double deflation’, where input and output prices are deflated separately. Consider a manufacturer importing oil for use in production. If oil prices fall, output prices do not and quantities remain the same, real value added should not change. But if the same deflator is used for inputs and outputs, as in India, it would look as if the manufacturer had become more productive.
Which of the following assumptions is/are valid?
- 1. Deflation strategies can be used to make manufacturers appear to be doing better than they actually are.
- 2. When input and output prices are both deflated against a single input price, it is referred to as ‘double deflation’.
Select the answer using the code given below.
Answer (a) & explanation
Only assumption 1 is valid (a). Step 1: the passage says that using one deflator for inputs and outputs, as in India, makes it "look as if the manufacturer had become more productive". So deflation methods can make firms appear better than they are (1). Step 2: assumption 2 says double deflation means deflating both against a single price. But the passage defines double deflation as deflating inputs and outputs separately. So 2 reverses the definition. Step 3: options (b), (c) and (d) fail.
Tip: check definitions word for word against the passage. Deflating means removing the effect of price changes to find real growth, as in real GDP.
Answer as per the official UPSC answer key.
P, Q, R, S and T are ranked 1 to 5 (not necessarily in that order). The rank of P is 4, the rank of Q is not 5, the rank of R is 1, the rank of S is not 2, the rank of T is not 3. Then which of the following is/are correct?
- I. If the rank of S is 3, then that of T is 2.
- II. If the rank of Q is 3, then that of T is 5.
Select the answer using the code given below.
Answer (d) & explanation
Neither statement is correct (d). Step 1: P = 4 and R = 1 are fixed. Ranks 2, 3 and 5 remain for Q, S and T, with rules: Q is not 5, S is not 2, T is not 3. Step 2: statement I: if S = 3, then Q and T share 2 and 5. Q cannot be 5, so Q = 2 and T = 5, not 2. I is wrong. Step 3: statement II: if Q = 3, then S and T share 2 and 5. S cannot be 2, so S = 5 and T = 2, not 5. II is wrong. Options (a), (b) and (c) fail.
Tip: fix the known ranks first, then apply each "if" condition and let the "not" rules decide the rest. Write the small table on paper.
Answer as per the official UPSC answer key.
How many times does 5 appear in all two-digit positive integers?
Answer (b) & explanation
The digit 5 appears 19 times (b). Step 1: 5 in the tens place: 50, 51, …, 59 = 10 times. Step 2: 5 in the units place: 15, 25, 35, 45, 55, 65, 75, 85, 95 = 9 times (05 is not a two-digit number). Step 3: total = 10 + 9 = 19. The number 55 has two 5s, and both are counted. Option (a), 18, counts 55 once. Options (c) and (d) wrongly add 05 or 5.
Tip: count place by place. The question asks how many times the digit appears, not how many numbers contain it (that would be 18).
Answer as per the official UPSC answer key.