UPSC Prelims 2026 · CSAT (Paper II): Which of the following conclusions are correct?1. In the breakaway phase, economic progress is…
Read the passage
The process by which countries close their labour-productivity gap with the technology leader is based on convergence theory. The convergence model divides economic eras into three phases : the breakaway, the catch-up, and the fine-tuning phase. It also divides economic entities into two categories : the technology leaders and the technology followers. The process begins with the development of a new technology, such as scavenging three million years ago (MYA), hunting—one MYA, farming—12 thousand years ago, and industrial technology—a little more than 200 years ago. During the breakaway phase, the per capita income of the technology leaders (e.g., Western Europe and North America in the industrial era) rises, but is unchanged for the technology followers. In the catch-up phase, the followers adopt the new technology and close their per capita income gap with the technology leaders. In the fine-tuning phase, where participants try to extract the remaining benefits from an increasingly exhausted technology, leaders and followers have similar per capita incomes.
Which of the following conclusions are correct?
- 1. In the breakaway phase, economic progress is slow for the technology followers.
- 2. In the catch-up phase, leaders stagnate and followers, therefore, close the gap between them and the leaders.
- 3. In the fine-tuning phase, technology is exhausted, as it were, and both leaders and followers attempt to extract leftover benefits, leading to more or less similar per capita income levels.
- 4. Industrial technology followed scavenging, which preceded hunting, which itself was followed by farming.
Select the answer using the code given below.
Answer (a) & explanation
Conclusions 3 and 4 are correct (a). Step 1: conclusion 3 restates the fine-tuning phase: participants extract the remaining benefits from an "increasingly exhausted" technology, and leaders and followers have similar incomes. Correct. Step 2: conclusion 4 follows the timeline: scavenging (3 million years ago), hunting (1 million), farming (12,000 years) and industry (200 years). Correct. Step 3: conclusion 1 says followers' progress is "slow" in the breakaway phase; the passage says their income is "unchanged". Conclusion 2 says leaders stagnate in catch-up; the passage only says followers close the gap. So options (b), (c) and (d) fail.
Tip: "unchanged" is not "slow"; "followers catch up" does not mean "leaders stagnate". Match the exact word.
Answer as per the official UPSC answer key.
Related questions from other years
Read the passage
How is deflation done? Most countries use a method called ‘double deflation’, where input and output prices are deflated separately. Consider a manufacturer importing oil for use in production. If oil prices fall, output prices do not and quantities remain the same, real value added should not change. But if the same deflator is used for inputs and outputs, as in India, it would look as if the manufacturer had become more productive.
Which of the following statements is/are correct?
- 1. Real value should not change in the instance of static output cost and unchanged quantities against falling oil prices.
- 2. Deflators are to be used separately for inputs and outputs, and this is a practice universally adopted by all economies.
Select the answer using the code given below.
Answer (d) & explanation
Neither statement is correct (d). Step 1: the passage says if oil prices fall while output prices and quantities stay the same, real value added should not change. Statement 1 changes this to "real value" and "static output cost", which distorts the idea. So 1 is not correct as worded. Step 2: statement 2 says separate deflators are used "universally" by all economies. But the passage says India uses the same deflator for both. So 2 is false. Step 3: options (a), (b) and (c) fail.
Tip: in economic passages, exact terms matter: "value added" is not "value", and "price" is not "cost". "Universally" is disproved by a single exception, here India.
Answer as per the official UPSC answer key.
Read the passage
India is starting to deploy AI for critical use cases such as weather forecasting, pest detection and control, and crop yield optimisation. However, penetration is limited to a small subset of tech-savvy farmers. In the US and in Europe, generative AI tools have started offering precision farming at scale, integrating large datasets to provide real-time agronomic insights. For at-scale integration and accessibility of AI tools in India, it would be helpful to develop Indian languages-based AI tools for smallholder farmers, partner with AgTechs to create affordable AI solutions, and disseminate AI-based advisory services through government programmes.
Which of the following statements is/are not correct?
- 1. Tech-savvy farmers will drive the AgTech companies of the future.
- 2. The development of advisory services by the government programmes for the use of AI tools in agriculture would be helpful.
- 3. In the US and Europe, AI tools have replaced traditional agricultural practices.
- 4. The integration of large datasets for use in real-time agronomic analysis is already a reality.
Select the answer using the code given below.
Answer (a) & explanation
Statements 1 and 3 are not correct (a). Step 1: statement 1 says tech-savvy farmers will drive AgTech companies. The passage only says AI use is limited to such farmers; it never says they will drive companies. Not correct. Step 2: statement 3 says AI has replaced traditional farming in the US and Europe. The passage says AI tools have "started offering" precision farming, not replaced old methods. Not correct. Step 3: statement 2 matches the suggestion of government advisory services, and statement 4 matches "integrating large datasets to provide real-time agronomic insights" already happening in the West. So both are correct, and options (b), (c) and (d) fail.
Tip: in "not correct" questions, mark each statement true or false, then pick the false ones.
Answer as per the official UPSC answer key.
Consider the following statements :
Every red is blue. Every blue is green. Every green is yellow.
Which of the following statements denoted by P, Q and R are correct?
P. Every blue is yellow.
Q. Every red is green.
R. Every red is yellow.
Select the answer using the code given below.
Answer (d) & explanation
All three, P, Q and R, are correct (d). Step 1: "Every red is blue" means red is inside blue. Likewise blue is inside green, and green is inside yellow. So red ⊂ blue ⊂ green ⊂ yellow, like circles nested one inside another. Step 2: P: blue sits inside green, which sits inside yellow, so every blue is yellow ✓. Q: red ⊂ blue ⊂ green, so every red is green ✓. Step 3: R: red sits inside all the larger circles, so every red is yellow ✓. Options (a), (b) and (c) leave one out.
Tip: "every A is B" chains pass along: if A is inside B and B inside C, then A is inside C. Draw nested circles to check.
Answer as per the official UPSC answer key.
An alloy P contains 20% copper and 80% zinc by weight. Another alloy Q contains 60% copper and 40% zinc by weight. A third alloy R is to be prepared from P and Q so that it contains equal amount of copper and zinc. In what ratio, amounts of P and Q be mixed in order to get R?
Answer (a) & explanation
P and Q must be mixed in the ratio 1 : 3 (a). Step 1: "equal copper and zinc" means R is 50% copper. Step 2: use alligation on copper: P has 20%, Q has 60%, and the mix needs 50%. P : Q = (60 − 50) : (50 − 20) = 10 : 30. Step 3: simplify to 1 : 3. Check: 1 kg P gives 0.2 kg copper; 3 kg Q gives 1.8 kg; total 2 kg copper in 4 kg = 50% ✓. Option (b) reverses the ratio. Options (c) and (d) fail.
Tip: in alligation, the amount of each item is the distance of the other item from the mean. Always check with a quick calculation.
Answer as per the official UPSC answer key.