Montreal Protocol (International Conventions).
Syllabus: UPSC Pre GS1: Environmental Ecology, Biodiversity & Climate Change; Mains GS3
Montreal Protocol for UPSC: how the ozone hole formed, Vienna Convention, phase-out schedules, Kigali Amendment on HFCs, India Cooling Action Plan and…
On World Ozone Day, 16 September 2026, in Mumbai, the Environment Minister of State launched India's Net Zero Portal and the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) Dashboard. The portal lets Indian entities register and disclose voluntary net zero targets. The dashboard tracks progress of the National Missions under the NAPCC on one platform.
UPSC angle: Prelims: World Ozone Day = Montreal Protocol; NAPCC year.
16 Sep 2026
The Protocol also helps climate goals because many ODS are strong greenhouse gases.
UPSC angle: Prelims: Montreal Protocol, HCFC-141b.
16 Sep 2025