UPSC Mains 2019 GS Paper 2 Q20: model answer

In August 2025 the US raised tariffs on Indian goods to 50%, half of it as a penalty for buying Russian oil. India, which had been called America's 'natural ally', found itself treated more harshly than China on tariffs. The episode illustrates the quote exactly.

India's self-image

• A civilisational state and an independent pole in a multipolar world.
• Strategic autonomy: partner with all, ally of none.
• Wants recognition as a great power: a UNSC seat, technology access and respect for its choices.

Where the US position creates friction

• Russia: the threat of CAATSA sanctions over the S-400; tariffs over Russian oil (2025).
• Trade: GSP withdrawn in 2019; tariffs in 2018 and 2025; a February 2026 framework still unsigned in October 2026.
• Pakistan: periodic US warmth towards Islamabad, including after the May 2025 conflict and claims of mediation that India rejected.
• Immigration: H-1B fee increases and deportations.
• Values: US commentary on Indian democracy, Kashmir and minorities.
• Iran: sanctions that ended Iranian oil imports and, in 2026, the Chabahar waiver.
• Technology denial memories: sanctions after 1974 and 1998 still shape Indian caution.

Convergence despite friction

• Defence: foundational agreements (2016–20), the 10-year defence framework renewed in 2025, planned co-production of GE jet engines for Indian fighters.
• Technology: iCET, now TRUST; semiconductors and critical minerals.
• The Quad, where foreign ministers met in New Delhi in May 2026.
• People: about 50 lakh Indian Americans.

Conclusion

The friction arises because Washington wants India as a partner in its China strategy, while India wants to be treated as a power with its own strategy. The relationship works best when the US accepts India's autonomy and India accepts that partnership requires some give.