UPSC Mains 2025 GS3 Q15: model answer

Nanotechnology works with materials at 1–100 nanometres, where they behave differently because of their huge surface area. In agriculture it promises to do more with fewer inputs.

Advancements

• Nano-fertilisers: IFFCO's Nano Urea (2021) and Nano DAP (2023) as liquid foliar sprays, aimed at higher nutrient-use efficiency.
• Nano-pesticides: controlled release reduces doses and runoff.
• Nano-sensors: monitor soil moisture, nutrients and disease for precision farming.
• Seed treatment: better germination and stress tolerance.
• Post-harvest: nano-coatings and packaging extend shelf life of fruits.
• Water: nano-filters for cleaning irrigation water.

Socio-economic uplift

• Lower input costs: a small bottle replaces bags, cutting transport and storage costs for small farmers.
• Higher yields and quality lead to better prices.
• Reduced fertiliser subsidy and import bill frees public money for farmers.
• Less post-harvest loss raises income.
• Healthier soil and water protect long-term productivity.
• New rural jobs in drone spraying (Namo Drone Didi trains SHG women).

Concerns

• Some field trials questioned yield claims of nano urea; independent long-term studies are needed.
• Toxicity of nanoparticles in soil, food and human health not fully known.
• Cost and awareness gaps for small farmers.

Way forward: clear regulation (DBT's guidelines for nano-agri inputs, 2020), ICAR trials, extension through KVKs.

Nanotechnology can help Indian farmers if science, safety and extension move together.