Chapter 8 · Topic 8.3 · Prelims + Mains3 of 3
Climate Change: Chapter test
Key points
- Net zero and NDCs.
- Adaptation, mitigation, NAPCC.
- Loss and damage, finance.
10 PYQs 2017–2026
Prelims box: facts and traps
| 2015 NDC Target | Updated NDC, |
|---|---|
| (by 2030) Cut in emissions intensity of GDP vs 2005 33–35% Non-fossil share of installed power capacity 40% Extra carbon sink from forest and tree cover 2.5–3 | 2022 (by 2030) 45% About 50% (retained) |
| billion t | |
| CO2e Non-fossil share of installed power capacity. | . |
- India's Long-Term Low Emission Development Strategy is a tool for net zero by 2070, and BUR-4 (December 2024) recorded a fall of about 8% in emissions in 2020 over 2019.
- Sources for the table: PIB 3 August 2022 and PIB 25 March 2026 (Cabinet approval of the NDC for 2031-35).
- At COP26 in Glasgow (2021) India announced its 'Panchamrit' and a goal of net zero by 2070 (PIB, 3 August 2022).
- Trap (UPSC Prelims 2015, ‘Forest Carbon Partnership Facility’): “It provides financial aid to universities, individual scientists and institutions involved in scientific forestry research to develop eco-friendly and climate adaptation technologies for sustainable forest management” is incorrect.
- Trap (UPSC Prelims 2015): “It is founded under the aegis of UNEP, OECD, Asian Development Bank and World Bank” is incorrect.
On this page (3 sections)
Net zero and India’s NDCs
Net zero means that any greenhouse gases still emitted are balanced by an equal amount removed from the air. At COP26 in Glasgow (2021) India announced its ‘Panchamrit’ and a goal of net zero by 2070 (PIB, 3 August 2022).
| 2015 NDC Target | Updated NDC, | NDC 2031-35 |
|---|---|---|
| (by 2030) Cut in emissions intensity of GDP vs 2005 33–35% Non-fossil share of installed power capacity 40% Extra carbon sink from forest and tree cover 2.5–3 | 2022 (by 2030) 45% About 50% (retained) | (by 2035) 47% 60% 3.5–4.0 |
| billion t | billion t | |
| CO2e Non-fossil share of installed power capacity. | CO2e vs 2005 |
Sources for the table: PIB 3 August 2022 and PIB 25 March 2026 (Cabinet approval of the NDC for 2031-35). These are targets, not achievements.
| Progress so far (measured) | Value (source) |
|---|---|
| Emissions intensity of GDP, 2005 to 2020 | Down 36% (BUR-4; PIB, 2 January 2025) |
| Non-fossil share of installed capacity | 52.57% in February 2026 (PIB, 25 March 2026) |
| Total GHG emissions, 2020 vs 2019 | Down 7.93%; 2,959 Mt CO2e excluding LULUCF (BUR-4) |
India’s Long-Term Low Emission Development Strategy is a tool for net zero by 2070, and BUR-4 (December 2024) recorded a fall of about 8% in emissions in 2020 over 2019. On the relationships asked, the key holds that statement I is empirically supported by statement II, and that a demand for quick, short-term cuts contradicts the long-term approach (Prelims 2026: 1 and 2).
Consider the following statements with reference to India’s response to climate change : I. India’s Long-Term Low Emission Development Strategy (LT-LEDS) is a crucial tool for achieving net-zero emissions by 2070. II. India’s 4th Biennial Update Report (BUR-4) submitted in December, 2024 recorded around 8% decrease in Greenhouse gas emissions in 2020 over 2019. III. Climate-resilient development necessarily depends on quick and short-term achievement of emission reduction targets. Which of the following relationships among the above statements is/are correct ? 1. Statement I is empirically supported by statement II. 2. Statement III contradicts the approach implicit in statement I. 3. Statement I and statement III together establish the premise of long-term sustainability. Select the answer using the code given below :
- 1 only
- 1 and 2
- 2 and 3
- 3 only
Show answer
Answer: (b) · UPSC provisional key (final key awaited)
Intended Nationally Determined Contributions refer to the plan of action outlined by the countries of the world to combat climate change (Prelims 2016). India submitted its INDC on 2 October 2015.
The term ‘Intended Nationally Determined Contributions’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of
- pledges made by the European countries to rehabilitate refugees from the war-affected Middle East
- plan of action outlined by the countries of the world to combat climate change
- capital contributed by the member countries in the establishment of Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
- plan of action outlined by the countries of the world regarding Sustainable Development Goals
Show answer
Answer: (b) · UPSC official key
Mains 2025: Write a review on India’s climate commitments under the Paris Agreement (2015) and mention how these have been further strengthened in COP26 (2021). Mains 2025 In this direction, how has the first Nationally Determined Contribution intended by India been updated in 2022?
Write a review on India’s climate commitments under the Paris Agreement (2015) and mention how these have been further strengthened in COP26 (2021). In this direction, how has the first Nationally Determined Contribution intended by India been updated in 2022?
Mitigation, adaptation and the NAPCC
Mitigation cuts the causes of climate change: cleaner energy, efficiency, protecting sinks. Adaptation reduces the harm: heat action plans, drought-tolerant crops, early warnings, flood defences, climate-proof infrastructure. India needs both.
The National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) has nine national missions: agriculture, energy efficiency, Green India, Himalayan ecosystem, human health, solar energy, strategic knowledge on climate change, sustainable habitat, and water. Six of the nine focus on adaptation (PIB, 24 July 2025).
A circular economy reduces greenhouse gas emissions because it cuts raw material use and reduces waste in production: Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I (Prelims 2025).
Consider the following statements : Statement I : Circular economy reduces the emissions of greenhouse gases. Statement II : Circular economy reduces the use of raw materials as inputs. Statement III : Circular economy reduces wastage in the production process. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
- Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both of them explain Statement I
- Both Statement II and Statement III are correct but only one of them explains Statement I
- Only one of the Statements II and III is correct and that explains Statement I
- Neither Statement II nor Statement III is correct
Show answer
Answer: (a) · UPSC official key
The Global Climate Change Alliance is an initiative of the European Union that gives technical and financial support to developing countries to build climate change into their policies and budgets (Prelims 2017: 1 and 2 only).
With reference to ‘Global Climate Change Alliance’, which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. It is an initiative of the European Union. 2. It provides technical and financial support to targeted developing countries to integrate climate change into their development policies and budgets. 3. It is coordinated by World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). Select the correct answer using the code given below :
- 1 and 2 only
- 3 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: (a) · UPSC official key
The Climate Group runs large climate networks; EP100 brings together companies committed to energy efficiency and emission cuts, and some Indian companies are members (Prelims 2022: 1, 3 and 4 only).
Consider the following statements : 1. “The Climate Group” is an international non-profit organization that drives climate action by building large networks and runs them. 2. The International Energy Agency in partnership with the Climate Group launched a global initiative “EP100”. 3. EP100 brings together leading companies committed to driving innovation in energy efficiency and increasing competitiveness while delivering on emission reduction goals. 4. Some Indian companies are members of EP100. 5. The International Energy Agency is the Secretariat to the “Under2 Coalition”. Which of the statements given above are correct ?
- 1, 2, 4 and 5
- 1, 3 and 4 only
- 2, 3 and 5 only
- 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
Show answer
Answer: (b) · UPSC official key
Loss and damage and climate finance
Loss and damage means climate harm that adaptation cannot prevent, from extreme weather to slow-onset events such as sea level rise. COP28 (Dubai, 2023) adopted by consensus, including India, the decision to operationalise a Fund for responding to loss and damage; around USD 700 million was pledged soon after (PIB, 21 December 2023).
Climate finance is money for mitigation and adaptation in developing countries. At COP29 in Baku, the New Collective Quantified Goal set a mobilisation target of USD 300 billion a year by 2035. India called this substantially insufficient, citing UNFCCC Standing Committee on Finance estimates of USD 5.1–6.8 trillion needed up to 2030 (PIB, 11 August 2025).
The Green Climate Fund is intended to assist developing countries in adaptation and mitigation. The claim that it was founded under the aegis of UNEP, OECD, the Asian Development Bank and the World Bank was wrong (Prelims 2015: 1 only).
Which of the following statements regarding ‘Green Climate Fund’ is/are correct? 1. It is intended to assist the developing countries in adaptation and mitigation practices to counter climate change. 2. It is founded under the aegis of UNEP, OECD, Asian Development Bank and World Bank. Select the correct answer using the code given below.
- 1 only
- 2 only
- Both 1 and 2
- Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer
Answer: (a) · UPSC official key
The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility is a global partnership of governments, businesses, civil society and indigenous peoples that helps countries with REDD+ through finance and technical help (Prelims 2015: 1 and 3 only).
With reference to ‘Forest Carbon Partnership Facility’, which of the following statements is/are correct? 1. It is a global partnership of governments, businesses, civil society and indigenous peoples. 2. It provides financial aid to universities, individual scientists and institutions involved in scientific forestry research to develop eco-friendly and climate adaptation technologies for sustainable forest management. 3. It assists the countries in their ‘REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation+)’ efforts by providing them with financial and technical assistance. Select the correct answer using the code given below.
- 1 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Show answer
Answer: (c) · UPSC official key
Mains box: analysis and answer points
- Net zero means that any greenhouse gases still emitted are balanced by an equal amount removed from the air.
- Likely next angle: 60% non-fossil by 2035
- Asked: Mains 2025 (GS Paper III, 15 marks): Write a review on India’s climate commitments under the Paris Agreement (2015) and mention how these have been further strengthened in COP26 (2021). In this direction, how has the first Nationally Determined Contribution intended by India been updated in 2022?
Practice
Practice MCQs (8)
With reference to India's National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC), consider the following statements:
1. It was released in 2008 by the Prime Minister's Council on Climate Change.
2. It originally set out eight national missions.
3. The National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem and the National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change are coordinated by the Department of Science and Technology.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Answer (c) & explanation
All three are correct. The NAPCC was released on 30 June 2008 by the Prime Minister's Council on Climate Change. It set out eight national missions: Solar; Enhanced Energy Efficiency; Sustainable Habitat; Water; Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem; Green India; Sustainable Agriculture; and Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change. The two knowledge-heavy missions, on the Himalayan ecosystem and on strategic knowledge, are coordinated by the Department of Science and Technology. States prepare matching State Action Plans on Climate Change.
The goal of developed countries jointly mobilising 100 billion US dollars a year by 2020 for climate action in developing countries was first pledged at
Answer (c) & explanation
The 100 billion dollar goal first appeared in the Copenhagen Accord at COP15 (2009), was formalised in the Cancún Agreements a year later, and was extended to 2025 at Paris. OECD figures indicate that it was first met in 2022, two years late. It has since been replaced by the New Collective Quantified Goal agreed at COP29 (Baku, 2024).
With reference to the Santiago network under the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage, consider the following statements:
1. It was established in 2019 at COP25, held under the presidency of Chile.
2. Its secretariat, based in Geneva, is jointly hosted by the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) and the UN Office for Project Services (UNOPS).
3. It pays compensation grants to countries that suffer climate-related disasters.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Answer (a) & explanation
Statements 1 and 2 are correct. The Santiago network was created at COP25 (2019), which Chile presided over although it was held in Madrid; hence the Chilean name. Its institutional set-up was settled at COP27 and COP28, and its secretariat is hosted jointly by UNDRR and UNOPS in Geneva. Statement 3 is wrong: the network catalyses technical assistance (expertise, data, capacity) for averting, minimising and addressing loss and damage. Money for loss and damage comes through the separate Fund for responding to Loss and Damage.
The Adaptation Fund, which now also serves the Paris Agreement, was originally financed mainly through
Answer (a) & explanation
The Adaptation Fund was set up under the Kyoto Protocol to finance concrete adaptation projects in particularly vulnerable developing countries. Its distinctive funding source was a 2% share of proceeds from the Certified Emission Reductions issued for CDM projects, topped up by donor contributions. It pioneered 'direct access', letting accredited national bodies, such as NABARD in India, receive money directly. Since 2019 it also serves the Paris Agreement and now receives 5% of A6.4ERs under Article 6.4.
Climate responses are usually classified as mitigation (reducing emissions or enhancing sinks) or adaptation (reducing vulnerability to climate impacts). Consider the following measures:
1. Heat action plans with early warnings and cooling shelters
2. Restoring mangroves to buffer coastal communities against storm surges
3. Promoting drought-tolerant crop varieties
4. Capturing methane from landfills to generate electricity
5. Cyclone early warning systems
How many of the above are primarily adaptation measures?
Answer (c) & explanation
Four are adaptation measures. Adaptation reduces harm from climate impacts that are already happening or expected: heat action plans, mangrove buffers against storm surge, drought-tolerant crops and cyclone early warnings all lower vulnerability. Capturing landfill methane for power is mitigation, because it cuts emissions of a potent greenhouse gas and displaces fossil electricity. Some measures, such as mangrove restoration, also store carbon, but item 2 is framed around protection from storm surge.
The New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) on climate finance, adopted at COP29 in Baku (2024), commits developed countries to take the lead in mobilising for developing countries at least
Answer (c) & explanation
The NCQG adopted at COP29 replaced the old 100 billion dollar goal. Developed countries are to take the lead in mobilising at least 300 billion US dollars a year by 2035 for developing countries' climate action. The decision also calls on all actors to scale up finance from all public and private sources to at least 1.3 trillion dollars a year by 2035, a broader aspiration rather than an obligation of developed countries. India criticised the 300 billion figure as far too low.
With reference to the Fund for responding to Loss and Damage, consider the following statements:
1. It was established by decisions taken at COP27 in Sharm el-Sheikh (2022) and operationalised at COP28 in Dubai (2023).
2. The World Bank hosts it as a financial intermediary fund for an interim period and takes its funding allocation decisions.
3. The Philippines hosts the Board of the Fund.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Answer (a) & explanation
Statements 1 and 3 are correct. COP27 (2022) decided to establish new funding arrangements, including a dedicated fund for loss and damage, and COP28 (2023) operationalised it on its opening day. The World Bank is the interim trustee and host of the Fund's independent secretariat, as a financial intermediary fund for four years; but under its own terms it plays no role in fundraising or allocation, which the Fund's Board decides. The Board selected the Philippines as its host country in 2024, and the host country agreement was signed at COP29.
With reference to the 'Global Mutirão' decision adopted at COP30 in Belém (2025), consider the following statements:
1. It called for efforts to at least triple adaptation finance by 2035.
2. It took note of the 'Baku to Belém Roadmap to 1.3T' on scaling up climate finance.
3. It replaced the 300 billion dollar goal agreed at Baku with a binding obligation on developed countries to provide 1.3 trillion dollars a year of public finance.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Answer (c) & explanation
Statements 1 and 2 are correct. COP30's Mutirão decision called for efforts to at least triple adaptation finance by 2035, took note of the Baku to Belém Roadmap to 1.3 trillion dollars, launched the Global Implementation Accelerator and the 'Belém Mission to 1.5', and set up a two-year work programme on climate finance. Statement 3 is wrong: it reaffirmed the Baku framework, stressing the pathway towards at least 300 billion dollars a year by 2035 led by developed countries and calling on all actors to scale up finance from all public and private sources towards 1.3 trillion dollars. It created no new binding public-finance obligation.
0 / 0 correct
Prelims PYQs on this topic (8)
Consider the following statements with reference to India’s response to climate change :
- I. India’s Long-Term Low Emission Development Strategy (LT-LEDS) is a crucial tool for achieving net-zero emissions by 2070.
- II. India’s 4th Biennial Update Report (BUR-4) submitted in December, 2024 recorded around 8% decrease in Greenhouse gas emissions in 2020 over 2019.
- III. Climate-resilient development necessarily depends on quick and short-term achievement of emission reduction targets.
Which of the following relationships among the above statements is/are correct ?
- 1. Statement I is empirically supported by statement II.
- 2. Statement III contradicts the approach implicit in statement I.
- 3. Statement I and statement III together establish the premise of long-term sustainability.
Select the answer using the code given below :
Answer (b) & explanation
Relationships 1 and 2 are correct (b). Relationship 1 is right: the LT-LEDS (2022) lays out India's path to net zero by 2070, and BUR-4 reported a fall of about 7.9% in 2020 emissions over 2019, real data in line with that path. Relationship 2 is right: Statement III wants quick, short-term cuts, while the LT-LEDS is a long, gradual plan, so III contradicts I. Relationship 3 is wrong: two contradicting statements cannot together set a premise. So options (a), (c) and (d) fail.
Notice the cause of the 2020 fall: the COVID-19 lockdowns, not a lasting trend. India's updated NDC (2022) targets cutting emissions intensity of GDP by 45% from 2005 levels by 2030. Biennial Transparency Reports now replace BURs.
"together establish" sounds positive, but two statements that clash cannot form one premise.
Answer as per the official UPSC answer key.
Which of the following statements in relation to NIRANTAR (National Institute for Research and Application of Natural Resources to Transform, Adapt and Build Resilience), a platform of institutions under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, is/are correct ?
- 1. Ecosystem Survey and Analysis is a vertical under this platform, the lead institute of which is Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata.
- 2. Research and Management of Ecosystem Service is a vertical under this platform, the lead institute of which is Central Zoo Authority, New Delhi.
- 3. Capacity Development Support is a vertical under this platform, the lead institute of which is Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal.
Select the answer using the code given below :
Answer (b) & explanation
Statements 1 and 3 are correct (b). NIRANTAR groups the Environment Ministry's institutes into verticals. Statement 1 is right: Ecosystem Survey and Analysis is led by the Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata, with bodies like the FSI and ZSI. Statement 3 is right: Capacity Development Support is led by the Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal. Statement 2 is wrong: Research and Management of Ecosystem Service is led by ICFRE, Dehradun; the Central Zoo Authority is only a member. So options (a), (c) and (d) fail.
Notice the purpose: pooling institutes avoids duplicate work and links research to climate adaptation and resilience. Other Ministry bodies include the Wildlife Institute of India (Dehradun) and GBPNIHE for the Himalaya.
the Central Zoo Authority does sit in that vertical, but as a member, not the lead.
Answer as per the official UPSC answer key.
Consider the following statements :
- Statement I : At the 28th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP28), India refrained from signing the ‘Declaration on Climate and Health’.
- Statement II : The COP28 Declaration on Climate and Health is a binding declaration; and if signed, it becomes mandatory to decarbonize health sector.
- Statement III : If India’s health sector is decarbonized, the resilience of its health-care system may be compromised.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
Answer (c) & explanation
Only Statement III is correct and it explains Statement I (c). Statement I is right: India stayed out of the COP28 (Dubai, 2023) Declaration on Climate and Health. Statement III is right and is the reason: India worried that cutting emissions from health care now could limit the growth of its still-expanding health system and its resilience. Statement II is wrong: the declaration is voluntary, not binding; signing it would not make decarbonisation mandatory. So options (a), (b) and (d) fail.
Notice the bigger picture: COP28 also launched the Global Stocktake call to "transition away" from fossil fuels and set up the Loss and Damage Fund. India stresses equity and common but differentiated responsibilities.
"binding" is the error. COP declarations are political pledges, not treaties.
Answer as per the official UPSC answer key.
Consider the following statements :
- Statement I : Article 6 of the Paris Agreement on climate change is frequently discussed in global discussions on sustainable development and climate change.
- Statement II : Article 6 of the Paris Agreement on climate change sets out the principles of carbon markets.
- Statement III : Article 6 of the Paris Agreement on climate change intends to promote inter-country non-market strategies to reach their climate targets.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
Answer (a) & explanation
Both II and III are correct and both explain Statement I (a). Article 6 of the Paris Agreement lets countries work together to meet their targets. Statement II is right: Articles 6.2 and 6.4 set up carbon markets, for trading credits between countries and through a UN-run mechanism. Statement III is right: Article 6.8 covers non-market approaches, such as joint finance, technology and capacity building. Both halves are why it is discussed so much, so options (b), (c) and (d) fail.
Notice the progress: rules for Article 6 carbon markets were finally agreed at COP29 in Baku (2024). India's own Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (2023) builds a domestic market, and India has signed Article 6.2 deals, such as with Japan.
Answer as per the official UPSC answer key.
Which organization has enacted the Nature Restoration Law (NRL) to tackle climate change and biodiversity loss?
Answer (a) & explanation
The European Union enacted the Nature Restoration Law (a). The European Union adopted its Nature Restoration Law in 2024. It requires member states to restore at least 20% of the EU's damaged land and sea areas by 2030, and all ecosystems in need by 2050. Options (b), (c) and (d) are wrong: only a body that makes laws can "enact" one. The World Bank, OECD and FAO give loans, advice or technical help, but cannot pass binding laws.
Notice the link to the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (2022), whose "30 by 30" target asks for 30% of land and sea to be protected by 2030. The EU law faced strong protests from farmers before it passed narrowly.
Answer as per the official UPSC answer key.
Consider the following statements :
- Statement-I : Carbon markets are likely to be one of the most widespread tools in the fight against climate change.
- Statement-II : Carbon markets transfer resources from the private sector to the State.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
Answer (b) & explanation
Both statements are correct but II does not explain I (b). Statement I is right: carbon markets put a price on emissions and are spreading fast, from the EU's ETS to China's national market, and the Article 6 rules under the Paris Agreement. Statement II is right: under cap-and-trade, governments sell or auction emission permits, so money moves from companies to the State. But II is not the reason for I: markets spread because they cut emissions where it is cheapest, letting firms that can cut cheaply sell their spare permits.
Notice India's own Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (2023), run by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency. It sets emission-intensity targets for heavy industries such as cement, steel and aluminium.
Answer as per the official UPSC answer key.
Mains PYQs on this topic (2)
- UPSC Mains 2025 · GS Paper III · Q7What is Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) ? What is the potential role of CCUS in tackling climate change ?How to approach: Intro: definition. Body: (1) Process; (2) Role in climate action; (3) India; (4) Limits. Conclusion: CCUS is a complement, not a substitute, for renewables and…
- UPSC Mains 2023 · GS Paper III · Q18The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has predicted a global sea level rise of about one metre by AD 2100. What would be its impact in India and the other countries in the Indian Ocean region?How to approach: Intro: IPCC AR6 projections; causes: thermal expansion, ice melt. Body: (1) India: coastal flooding of cities (Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai), Sundarbans and deltas,…
Write an answer
In 150 words, explain the significance of Climate Change with one recent example.
Flashcards (7)
India's net zero year?
2070.
Updated NDC (2022) intensity target?
45% by 2030 vs 2005.
NDC 2031-35 non-fossil target?
60% of installed capacity by 2035.
NAPCC missions?
Nine.
NAPCC missions focused on adaptation?
Six.
COP that operationalised the loss and
damage fund? COP28, Dubai (2023).
NCQG target at COP29?
USD 300 billion a year by 2035.
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