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Indian Polity

Prelims GS-I · Mains GS-II

Indian Polity notes

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1.Historical Background

  1. 1.1Company rule and the Charter Acts
  2. 1.2Crown rule, 1858 to 1919
  3. 1.3The Government of India Act 1935

2.Constituent Assembly

  1. 2.1Demand, composition and working
  2. 2.2Committees, drafting and adoption
  3. 2.3People of the Assembly

3.Preamble

  1. 3.1Text, origins and structure
  2. 3.2Keywords and the ideals behind them
  3. 3.3Is the Preamble part of the Constitution? What can a

4.Union and its Territory

  1. 4.1Articles 1 to 4
  2. 4.2Reorganisation and new States
  3. 4.3Acquiring territory: Goa, Puducherry, Sikkim

5.Citizenship

  1. 5.1Part II and single citizenship
  2. 5.2Acquiring and losing citizenship
  3. 5.3OCI and PIO: links with the diaspora, not dual

6.Fundamental Rights

  1. 6.1Basics and classification
  2. 6.2Equality, Art 19 and Arts 20–24
  3. 6.3Article 21, religion and minority rights
  4. 6.4Art 13, amendments and FR vs DPSP
  5. 6.5Art 32 and the five writs

7.Directive Principles

  1. 7.1Nature of DPSPs and the socialist
  2. 7.2Gandhian and liberal principles, implementation
  3. 7.3Rights versus directives: seventy years of balancing

8.Fundamental Duties

  1. 8.1Origin and the list of duties
  2. 8.2Traps, enforcement and the three parts
  3. 8.3Criticism, and a balanced Mains answer

9.Amendment of the Constitution

  1. 9.1Procedure and majorities
  2. 9.2Rajya Sabha’s role and key amendments
  3. 9.3How far can Parliament go? From Shankari Prasad to
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10.Basic Structure Doctrine

  1. 10.1The idea and the road to 1973
  2. 10.2Kesavananda, 1975 and Minerva Mills
  3. 10.3I.R. Coelho v State of Tamil Nadu (2007): the Ninth

11.India and Other Constitutions

  1. 11.1Sources of the Constitution
  2. 11.2The UK and the USA compared
  3. 11.3Mains comparisons: separation of powers, equality,

12.Union Executive

  1. 12.1Election and powers of the President
  2. 12.2Ordinance, pardon, impeachment and the Vice-President
  3. 12.3PM, Council of Ministers, committees and the AG
  4. 12.4Mains view: cabinet dominance and the size of

13.Parliament

  1. 13.1The two Houses and the presiding
  2. 13.2Sessions, devices and law-making
  3. 13.3Money bills, budget and committees
  4. 13.4Privileges and the anti-defection law
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14.Judiciary

  1. 14.1Supreme Court
  2. 14.2High Courts, subordinate courts and appointments
  3. 14.3Judicial review, activism and separation
  4. 14.4Tribunals
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15.Federal System

  1. 15.1Federal features, legislative and administrative relations
  2. 15.2Financial relations and GST
  3. 15.3Inter-State Council, Zonal Councils and other forums

16.State Government

  1. 16.1The Governor
  2. 16.2Chief Minister, Assembly and Council
  3. 16.3Mains view: the Governor debate and representation

17.Union Territories

  1. 17.1Administration of UTs
  2. 17.2Delhi
  3. 17.3Puducherry and the other UTs

18.Local Government

  1. 18.1Panchayats
  2. 18.2Municipalities and PESA
  3. 18.3Money and elections: SFCs, Union Finance
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19.Constitutional Bodies

  1. 19.1ECI and UPSC
  2. 19.2Finance Commission and CAG
  3. 19.3Attorney General of India (Art 76)
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20.Non Constitutional Bodies

  1. 20.1NITI Aayog and the NDC
  2. 20.2NHRC, CBI and CVC
  3. 20.3Lokpal, Lokayuktas and Information Commissions
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21.Emergency Provisions

  1. 21.1National Emergency and its effects
  2. 21.2President’s Rule
  3. 21.3Financial Emergency (Art 360)

22.Elections

  1. 22.1Electoral process and delimitation
  2. 22.2Parties, Model Code and EVMs
  3. 22.3Corrupt practices and election disputes
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23.Special Provisions

  1. 23.1Scheduled Areas and the Fifth Schedule
  2. 23.2Sixth Schedule and Article 371
  3. 23.3Jammu and Kashmir: Article 370 and after

24.Important Constitutional Amendments

  1. 24.1Early and Emergency-era amendments
  2. 24.2Amendments from 1985 to 2015
  3. 24.3101st to 106th: GST, backward classes, EWS and

25.Governance

  1. 25.1Good governance, transparency and charters
  2. 25.2E-Governance and civil services
  3. 25.3Pressure groups
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